Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease causing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat. Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different traditional tests and PCR. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). Bacteriological examination of 10 selected tuberculin positive samples revealed M. bovis from 6 processed samples (60%) while PCR and ELISA assays revealed positive in 8 cases (80%) and 7 cases (70%), respectively. It was concluded that PCR test is more sensitive and specific test to confirm the infection with tuberculosis.

Female genital tracts of six to eight years Baladi cows (n=30) were collected from Belevia abattoir of Beni-Suef province during the period from March 2016 to May 2016 to investigate ovarian abnormalities and uterine changes in cattle based on histopathology. Prevalence rates of granulosa cell tumors were 26.67% and 38.89% in right and left ovaries, respectively. Follicular cysts could be detected in both ovaries with percentages of 50.0% and 44.44%, respectively. The most predominant pathological lesions in ovarian medulla were hyalinosis of blood vessels and mononuclear cell infiltration. The main uterine pathological alterations were endometritis associated with degenerative changes and necrosis in the endometrial linings in most cases (n=25), endometriosis (n=13). Variable degrees of congestion from moderate (n=25) to highly congested (n=5) were elucidated. Perivascular cuffing (n=2) and perivascular fibrosis (n=3) of uterine blood vessels could be detected. Immunohistochemically, granulosa cell tumors were positive to vimentin and negative to inhibin.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an acute, arthropod-borne disease of cattle. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of fever, high morbidity and very low mortality. Recovery occurs within three days of the onset of clinical signs. BEF is an important viral disease of cattle in Egypt so the live attenuated BEFV vaccine which is inactivated just before inoculation by reconstitute in PBS containing saponin. is extensive used for the prevention and control of the disease. Different assays were applied in the current study to quality control evaluate of that produce vaccine by detection of viral identity and viability before and after reconstitution by using real time quantitative reserve transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and clinical findings (Body temperature and clinical signs) and potency by measuring the humoral immune response by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA and cellular immune response by interferon gamma (IFN-?) using ELISA kit and Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and also by lymphocyte cell proliferation assay using tetrazolium salt(XTT).

Information regarding the use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of udder and teat affections is scarce in ruminant. The present study was conducted on 30 cows, 20 ewes and 45 does. The surgical affections of udder and teats were recorded in 10 cows, 5 ewes and 15 does. In normal udder, glandular parenchyma on ultrasonographic examination appeared as homogenous and hyperechoic with anechoic alveoli, the milk appeared with high pitched anechoic large areas. While in the teat skin echoed strongly, the middle layer less echogenic than skin in a homogenous, uniform pattern and the teat canal represented by extending area between the two hyper-echoic lines forming anechoic lumen. In multiple abscesses, the glandular parenchyma of udder appeared as multiple hyper-echoic areas surrounded by hypo-echoic margin. In case of super numerary teats, presence of hypo-echoic to an-echoic areas separated by hyper-echoic septa due to each teat had separated milk cisternae. In case of complete teat obstruction, presence of hyper-echoic obstructive mass which present in teat canal. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a good tool for differential diagnosis of different udder and teat affections.

Campylobacteriosis is assumed to be mainly a food-borne disease. Also the importance of milk as a source of human Campylobacter enteritis was confirmed by the European Union summary report on food-borne disease outbreaks. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of Campylobacters in milk and milk products. A total of 250 samples (100 milk, 50 Domiati cheese, 50 kareish cheese and 50 ice-cream) were collected from the different collection points in El-Minia and Beni-Suef Governorates. The samples were examined by microbiological culture method, and presumptive isolates were further confirmed by genetic amplification (PCR) using specific primers of hippuricase gene.The overall prevalence of Campylobacter species were 13% in raw milk, 52% in kareish cheese, 18% in Domiati cheese and 6% in ice-cream. PCR amplification of hipO gene of isolated C. jejuni from the milk and milk products samples had been shown identical fingerprints with human isolates at 323bp, which indicates the zoonotic hazards of Campylobacter jejuni in Egypt.

"> Preventing the transmission of disease into and between poultry farms, hatcheries, and from wildlife, or their droppings, is essential to maintain healthy productive poultry flocks. This study was designed to assess the current situation of biosecurity measures in 3 types of poultry operations; 125 small-scale commercial broiler farms (sector III), hobby poultry premises (backyards; sector IV) and hatcheries selected from Giza, Fayoum and Beni-Suef province, Egypt. A structured questionnaire survey, interviews and observation were used to collect data on farm characterization, bio-security practices and disease preventive measures in sectors and hatcheries. The respondents were farm owners, farm managers, veterinarians, and workers. It has been found that the distance between small commercial broiler farms were 48.4% [2- 5 km] while for hobby poultry keepers 66.5% [=100 m], and hatcheries 41.6% [1-3 km] and 30.6% [7-11 km]. In small-scale broiler farms practiced all in/ all out system (89 %) as compared to hatcheries and backyards (83.3 and 46.1 %, respectively). In the most of the small commercial broiler farms, the resting period between production cycles was higher on 4-7 days (32.5%). Methods most used for disposal of daily mortalities were on landfill (45.2%) among small commercial broiler farms. Meanwhile, hobby poultry premises and hatcheries included disposal in water canals (38.5 and 33.3%, respectively). On the other hand, Hobby poultry keepers reported that veterinarians rarely inspected their premises. Mortality rate/cycle was (11.9%) in almost broiler farms. About 64.3 % of the small commercial producers practiced all the recommended vaccination of their birds against highly pathogenic diseases. In conclusion, the majority of the small-scale broiler farms and all most backyards were far from the implementation of biosecurity measures. Biosecurity situation needs a combined effort from stakeholders, poultry keeper of hobby birds (backyard) to improve biosecurity level for those sectors.

"> This study was performed to investigate the frequency and the distribution of antimicrobial resistance and resistant genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from both calves and their environment. Fecal samples (n=136) were collected from calves, besides 270 environmental samples for isolation and identification of EPEC. 50 E. coli isolates comprising 6 serogroupgs were recovered and tested against 12 antimicrobials comprising 4 different groups and 3 disinfectants with characterization of resistance genes. Results revealed that E. coli was isolated in the highest percentage from diarrheic calves (68.3%) followed by apparently healthy and environment (56.7 and 56.6 %, respectively). Six serogroups of E. coli were identified from diarrheic calves with the highest percentage of O26 (27.8 %) followed by O159 and O55 (16.7 and 16.6 %, respectively).The tested isolates showed high rates of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim whereas the highest rates of susceptibility were found to enrofloxacin and neomycin. Meanwhile the highest bactericidal effect against E. coli isolates from calves and environment was exhibited by Virkon® S (80 % and 70 %, respectively) compared to 80 % and 50%, respectively for TH4+ and 60 and 70 %, respectively for iodine. E. coli isolates were found to include the following genes blaTEM, qacED1, dƒrA, tetA, and sul1. In conclusion, the high prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli provided insights about the possibility of dairy calves to act as source of resistance genes in the environment that pose health risk for humans and animals.

The pharmacokinetic aspects of tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg b.w.) were studied following intravenous administration alone and in combination with flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg b.w) in apparently healthy goats. Tulathromycin concentrations in serum were determined by microbiological assay technique using Bacillus subtiles (ATCC 66343) as test organism. The half-lives of distribution and elimination (t0.5(a)and to.5(p)) were 0.071, 0.046 and 6.43, and 5.05 h. following intravenous injection of tulathromycin alone and in combination with flunixin, respectively. Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 0.249 and 0.96l/kg., mean residence time (MRT) was 6.27 and 5.99 h and total body clearance (ClB) was 0.046 and 0.17 l/kg/hr., respectively. It was concluded that flunixin significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin by increase its distribution and accelerate its elimination from body. Therefore care should be taken during use of tulathromycin in goats concurrently with flunixin.

The pharmacokinetic aspects of tulathromycin(2.5 mg/kg) administered alone and in combination with flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) after a single subcutaneous (SC) administration, werestudied in clinically healthy goats. The animals were divided into two groups: the 1st group was given tulathromycin alone and the 2nd group was given tulathromycin concurrently with flunixin meglumine. Serum concentrations of tulathromycin were determined using microbiological assay method. Tulathromycin was rapidly absorbed with a half-life of absorption (t(0.5)ab) of 0.54 h and the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.7ug/ml was attained after 0.98 h (Tmax). Flunixin significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin by increasing its absorption and delay its elimination from body where t0.5(ab)were 0.54 and0.34 h and the elimination half-lives (t0.5(el)) were 1.35 and 1.8 h, for alone and combination groups, respectively. Significant decreases (39.8%) in the area under the curve (AUC) and (22.6%) in the elimination rate constant (Kel) from the central compartment were found following coadministration with flunixin compared with administration of tulathromycin alone. It was concluded that the combination of tulathromycin and flunixin negatively altered the kinetics of tulathromycin.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of discharged waste effluent into water sources on heavy metals content in water, sediment and fish. A pilot study was carried out during the period from (March to May 2014). Samples were collected from water, sediment and fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from five fish farms and River Nile in Beni-Suef governorate to estimate Lead, Cadmium, Zinc and Copper. The results revealed a significant increase in Pb and Cd in water, sediment and fish samples collected from fish farms and these metals were within the permissible limits in River Nile samples. Zn and Cu in all samples of water and muscle of (farms and River Nile) were lower than permissible limits of WHO. The results of this study indicate that high levels of some heavy metals present in fish collected from the fish farms in Beni-Suef governorate are not accepted as food for human purposes.

"> A total of 100 random muscle samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Claries lazera, imported Mugil cephalus and Scomber scombrus fish (25 of each) were collected from different markets in Fayoum City for determination of lead, cadmium, copper and mercury residual levels to ascertain whether these levels exceeded the prescribed legal limits. The mean mercury levelin the edible muscles tissues of fish species were ranged from below detectable level to 0.29 ppm in local fish and to 0.28 ppmin imported fish. The residual levels were not exceeded the prescribed legal limits of Commission Regulation (E.C). The highest mean levels of cadmium were recorded in Mackerel (0.119 ± 0.060, ppm) which exceeded the permitted values stipulated by Commission Regulation (E.C). Mostly samples in this study contained copper within of the general guideline limit for copper in food. The highest mean levels of lead were also recorded in Mackerel (0.477±0.073 ppm) which exceeded the permitted value stipulated by Commission Regulation (E.C). The results were evaluated according to International standards of WHO and EC and Provisional tolerable weekly intakes would also be used in this study to assess the relative safety of Fayoum fish markets.The public health significance of heavy metal residues in such fish was discussed.

Broiler chickens are frequently infected with Escherichia coli (E.coli), which often results in disease and high economic losses. Poultry of all ages are susceptible to infections with E.coli, but the most affected are birds of 4-5 weeks. In our study Serotypes O78 and O187 were chosen as they were the most prevalent isolated serotypes from diseased broiler chicken with respiratory affections specially CRD, one hundred chicks of different ages, sex and breeds (cobb, native, sasso) were used in this study. The samples were collected from privately owned poultry farms at EL Mina, Fayoum, Giza and Beni-Suef governorates, all sampled chicks showed clinical signs characteristic for E. coli affections including respiratory distress with or without diarrhea, Swabs from internal organs of 60 diseased chicks were subjected to bacterial examination. Out of 53 oxidase negative strains, 40 E. coli isolates were recovered, other Enterobacteriaceae including, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of 40 E.coli isolates, E. coli O78 was the most predominant serotype isolated (23) with an incidence of 57.5 % followed by E. coli O187 (12) isolates with an incidence of 30 % and E. coli O115 (5) isolates at percentage of 12.5%, The pre-prepared vaccine against E.coli serotype O used in this study was designed vaccine as it contains an E. coli strain that has been genetically-modified by the deletion of the aroA gene responsible for the biosynthesis of amino acids in the virulent E. coli parent strain (The GMO is named aroA- PTA-5094). The aroA gene-deleted vaccine can trigger a protective immunity in poultry against infection and disease from wild, virulent E. coli bacteria found in the environment. However, because the aroA gene is deleted, the live vaccine bacterium becomes a-virulent and unable to form a self-sustaining population since the vaccine strain has lost the capability to synthesize the amino acids necessary for its survival. The E. coli vaccine dosages were calculated according to a titer of 5.0x106 cfu per dose, one hundred one day old chicks were divided into 5 groups each one 20chicks,group 1, control negative and groups 4 and 5 control positive for serotype O78 and serotype O178 ,while group 2 vaccinated at one day and challenged with E.coli O78 at age of 25 day old, also group 3 vaccinated at 5 day old and challenged with E.coli O178 at age of 25 day old, Two findings, the average lesion scores of air sacs in the groups 4 and 5,four and 3 birds died in the positive control at two days post challenge with E. coli O78 and O178 respectively. The birds were foundto have acute, severe septicemia and E. coli could be isolated from the livers. The mortality and morbidity rates of the birds vaccinated with E. coli aroA-live vaccine was great better significant difference from the positive control group showing no mortalities and low pathological picture. There were significant differences in the FCR among the 3 groups significantly less than those of the positive control groups; the body weight was higher in vaccinated groups. Our conclusion, vaccination improves health and FCR and ABW of broiler chicks.

th: 0px; "> The present study was carried out in six provinces in both Egypt and Libya throughout the period from January to October 2014. These areas were (Beni-Suef, Ismailia, and Matrouh district) in Egypt and (Tripoli, Zliten, and Zawia district) in Libya. To assess the hygienic quality of underground water sources intended for animal and human drinking and detect the source of pollution. The physicochemical parameters as pH, alkalinity (mg/l), electrical conductivity (µS/cm), total hardness (mg/l), hardness Ca+2 (mg/l), hardness Mg+2 (mg/l), ammonia (mg/l), nitrite (NO2-) (mg/l), nitrate (NO3-) (mg/l) and some heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) in the underground water were determined. A total of 60 water samples of the underground water were collected from dug wells. Samples were investigated for assessment the physicochemical quality of water destined for human and/or livestock consumption using appropriate instruments for the estimation of metals in the underground water using atomic absorption spectrometer. It has been revealed that a significant increase in mean values of alkalinity (P<0.001) in Ismailia district, Egypt and Zawia district, Libya. Meanwhile, the total hardness showed a significant increase in Tripoli, Zliten and Zawia districts of Libya (367.8±23.73, 345±17.20 and 330±20.19 mg/l, respectively). Mean values of lead (Pb) were higher in Tripoli and Zliten districts, Libya and Matrouh and Ismailia districts, Egypt (0.03±0.1, 0.02±0.3, 0.02±0.07 and 0.02±0.04, respectively). Meanwhile, mean values of cadmium (Cd) were the highest in the three Libyan districts (0.24± 0.003, 0.22±0.07 and 0.012±0.006 mg/l, respectively). In conclusion, the absence of unified system to monitor physicochemical parameters in ground water sources in the studied areas represented an important task in the evaluation of such water sources and subsequently causing an environmental risk for both animals and humans health.

px; "> normal or narrow metabolizable energy to crude protein ratios (ME:CP) on performance, carcass characteristics, body composition and blood parameters in broilers fed from 1 to 42 days of age. The chicks were divided into 7 groups. The birds were fed starter & grower diets. Seven experimental diets were formulated in each phase; one control and 6 tested diets. The control diet was formulated according to the NRC of poultry (1994) and the other six diets fed three different levels of low energy diets (2900, 2700 & 2500 kcal/kg; one level for each 2 groups). The first three tested groups named 'normal calorie-protein ratio” groups in which the CP decreased in proportion to the decrease in ME, keeping the normal NRC ratio. In the second three tested groups, termed “narrow calorie-protein ratio” groups, the dietary protein was kept at the NRC levels leading to ratios narrower than that of the NRC. Results showed that chicks fed low ME diets with normal energy to protein ratio had lower body weight and feed utilization efficiency than the chicks fed the control diets. While, birds fed the low ME diets with normal protein NRC-levels and narrow ratios had nearly equal weight and feed conversion to the control. The body composition and carcass characteristics were not affected by the dietary treatments. Moreover, the blood parameters had no significant variations among the groups, except for total protein, ALT and AST which had an increased response to decreased dietary energy density. In conclusion, decreasing the dietary ME level without decreasing the crude protein level was more efficient economically and had no any adverse effect on the performance. However, decreasing of dietary ME with normal ME:CP ratio resulted in decreased performance and low economic efficiency.

This work was planned to investigate the bacteria isolated from broiler chickens head suffered from naked eye pathological lesions. Out of 200 examined head lesions, the result revealed that the major pathogens associated with swollen head syndrome (SHS) were Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern against 11 different antimicrobials proved that isolates were resistant to most of the tested antimicrobial agents. PCR was applied on 4 MDR E. coli, 4 S. dysgalactiae and 2 P. aeruginosa for detection of some resistance and virulence genes. The results of E. coli isolates revealed that blaTEM gene was the most prevalent in all isolates (100%) followed by tetA (A), aada1, aada2 and aacC genes. Meanwhile tetA (B) gene was found in 3 (75%), while aadB gene was not detected in any isolates. All S. dysgalactiae proved to harbour 16srRNAgene also all S. dysgalactiae were 100% positive for tuf gene followed by speF gene which found in 2 isolate (50%). The results of PCR of P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that toxA gene was the most prevalent gene found in all isolates (100%) followed by lasI. Then, phzM gene was found in one isolate (50%).

"> Forty samples of crustaceans, 20 shrimp (local, imported, peeled and nonpeeled) and 20 local chilled samples were collected from Beni-Suef markets. Samples were evaluated by physiochemical deteriorative criteria (pH, TVBN) and bacteriological quality including APC at 35°C (mesophils), APC at 7°C (psycrotrophs), coliforms (MPN), fecal coliform (MPN), E. coli (MPN), S. aureus count and isolation and identification of specific pathogens (E. coli, and S. aurerus). All fresh and frozen seafood samples were judged as safe food from the microbiological point of view. The total mesophillic, psychrotrophic and S. aureus of all examined seafood samples lied within the standard permissible limits.